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Our chapter is mainly to mining and metallurgy of uranium and thorium radioactive waste management safety regulations, including the following important information: Subject Matter and Scope; reference standards; terminology; uranium and thorium mining and metallurgy radioactive waste control; radiation protection principles and general requirements; The design of waste management facilities; the collection, storage and disposal of waste; the decommissioning of mining, metallurgical facilities and waste management facilities, please pay more attention to mineral rights trading and mineral rights transfer information.
1 subject content and scope of application
This standard stipulates the safety management and control principles and requirements for radioactive waste generated during the process of uranium and thorium mining and smelting, and also stipulates the general requirements for the design, operation and decommissioning of waste management facilities.
This standard is applied to the management of radioactive waste generated during the operation and decommissioning of all newly built, rebuilt and expanded steel and mining and metallurgical facilities. The management of radioactive wastes in the uranium and antimony mines in service and the management of non-uranium and antimony mining operations, and the radionuclide content exceeding the relevant standards, shall also be referred to.
2 reference standard
GB8703 Radiation Protection Regulations 3 Terminology
3 terms
3.1 Uranium, thorium mining and smelting radioactive waste
Wastes containing radioactive materials produced during processes such as uranium and plutonium exploration, mining, smelting and decommissioning.
3.2 Waste Management
Various administrative and operational activities of uranium and thorium mines for the treatment, processing, transportation, storage and disposal of radioactive waste.
3.3 Decommissioning
The uranium, thorium mining facilities or waste management facilities are planned to be withdrawn forever.
3.4 waste stone
Surrounding rock and off-balance ore produced during the mining process with no use value.
3.5 effluent
A fluid (liquid or gas) that is discharged into the environment. This fluid may contain solid particles
3.6 tailings
The parent rock deposits formed during the ore processing of the extraction needle are small. The tailings of uranium and tantalum smelting plants are composed of the following two main parts:
a slime - those lighter, finer particles (micron and submicron particles) in tailings, composed of clay and other fine particles
Tailings - heavier, larger particles.
3.7 heap invasion
The leaching solution was taken mined ore heap leaching or low-grade ores, and the collected leaching solution together, the process to recover the valuable metals.
Collected to recycle valuable metal processes.
3.8 earth dip
The process of injecting ore bodies with no liquid or injecting the leachate into the ore body and collecting the leachate to recover valuable metals.
3.9 controlled release
Release radionuclides containing substances to the environment in accordance with the technology and limits approved by the competent authority.
3.10 Waste Management Facilities
Various systems for receiving, transporting, processing, processing, storing and disposing of uranium or thorium mining and smelting waste.
3.11 Waste Isolation
The radioactive wave is isolated from the outside world in an efficient manner to prevent the radionuclide from diffusing into the environment or to be released to the outside at an acceptable rate.
3.12 tailings pond
A dam-type system specially constructed for the storage or disposal of tailings.
3.13 waste rock field
A dam system specially constructed for the storage or disposal of waste rock.
3.14 dam
The tailings pond and waste rock site are specially constructed uplift structures for retaining waste.
3.15 stabilization
Various possible measures to prevent tailings, waste rock or other solid waste from escaping due to natural forces or other forces.
4. Radioactive waste control of uranium and thorium mining and metallurgy
4.1 Before the operation of uranium, thorium mining and smelting facilities, it is necessary to analyze each stage of the entire process (exploration, mining, smelting and decommissioning) to assess the waste and radioactivity generated by each process. Pollution impact.
4.2 During steel and antimony mining and smelting, measures must be taken to minimize the amount of waste generated and to control the discharge of radioactive materials from liquids and airborne effluents to the environment. Solid waste should be kept under proper control, and waste rock and tailings must be abused; nitrogen and radioactive dust released to the atmosphere should be controlled; radium and other radionuclides should be controlled to contaminate surface water and groundwater, and control due to solid waste Pollution of surface water and groundwater by leaching.
4.3 After the operation stops, during the period of decommissioning and after, it is necessary to continue to manage and control the solid waste into the village, control the radioactive hazards of waste rock and tailings, and control the release of oxygen and its daughters released from waste rock and tailings in the atmosphere. Control pins and other radionuclides enter surface water and groundwater in any way possible.
4.4 In view of the long-lived radionuclide contained in the radioactive waste of drilling and mining, it is necessary to control the release from the tailings pond and waste rock field after final disposal to the environment, and must also consider various long-term natural processes (such as Weathering, floods, changes in river flow, earthquakes, etc.), as well as human activities (such as construction or agricultural production), the destruction of tailings ponds and waste rock fields after final disposal, and the migration of radionuclides, and Do this as much as possible to eliminate or minimize this effect.
5 radiation protection principles and general requirements
5.1 In the practice of radioactive waste management of uranium and thorium mining and metallurgy, the relevant radiation protection principles of GB8703 must be observed, that is, the legitimacy of practice, the optimization of radiation protection and the limitation of individual fire dose.
5.2 When considering the long-term effects of the disposal of radioactive waste from uranium and thorium mining, it is required to meet the dose levels that may be received by individuals in the future.
5.3 Since the tailings pond and waste quarry after final disposal are damaged by natural processes and human activities, the impact of such probabilistic events on the disposal site should be considered.
6. Design of waste management facilities
6.1 It is necessary to ensure that the design of radioactive waste management facilities for uranium and thorium mining and metallurgy meets the requirements of this standard and other requirements specified by the relevant competent authorities, as well as the requirements of the dose equivalent limit specified in GB38703 for the corresponding situation.
6.2 The correct design must be included.
a. Choose the appropriate site. Site selection is based on a variety of social, economic and practical constraints to achieve the best benefits of the desired indicators. Factors to be considered in site selection include: meteorology, hydrology (including floods), topography, geomorphology, geology and earthquakes, mineral resources, population distribution and land use, distribution of animals and plants, decommissioning, and the degree of fuel disposal, and Long-term stability and isolation of waste.
b. Complete the comprehensive safety analysis report and environmental impact report
c. Appropriate radiation protection optimization measures are taken to limit individual effective dose equivalents and reduce collective effective dose equivalents. These include: minimizing the surface area of ​​exposed waste rock and tailings, controlling leaks with appropriate closed containment systems throughout the facility's operation and after decommissioning to prevent contamination of groundwater and surface water due to radionuclide migration; Take appropriate measures to prevent pollution caused by sputum and radioactive dust deposited in waste rock and tailings; and develop appropriate decommissioning and disposal plans.
6.3 Environmental impact assessment and safety analysis reports in facility design must demonstrate with sufficient credibility that the impact of the proposed facility on human health and environmental safety is acceptable.
7 Waste collection, storage and disposal
7.1 The plans and procedures required for the collection, transport, handling, storage and final disposal of all wastes must be prepared prior to the commissioning of the waste management facility and approved by the relevant authorities prior to the implementation of these plans and procedures.
7.2 All wastes generated during exploration, construction, mining, smelting, waste treatment and disposal shall be collected and managed in accordance with the requirements of this regulation and the specific requirements of the relevant competent authority for the site.
8 Operation of waste management facilities
8.1 The operation of the waste management facility must be carried out in accordance with the design objectives of the operating organization and the requirements of the relevant competent authority.
8.2 The operation of the waste management facility must meet or have the following conditions or regulations:
a. Complete operating procedures for operation, maintenance and monitoring
b. Operation, maintenance and monitoring personnel must be trained and qualified
c. To fully supervise and maintain the entire waste management system and each unit, there must be a quality assurance program for supervision and maintenance.
d. Restrictions on personnel who need to enter the site and remove materials from the site
e. Submit the facility operation inspection report, monitoring results and abnormal accident reports to the relevant competent authorities.
9 Decommissioning of mining, smelting facilities and waste management facilities
9.1 At the time of facility design, the decommissioning outline and funding guarantee for each facility in the site must be submitted and approved by the relevant competent authority.
9.2 Before the facility is decommissioned, a detailed decommissioning plan must be prepared and approved by the relevant municipal authority.
9.3 The decommissioning plan must meet the requirements of the relevant competent authority and must provide for the following:
a. Safe handling of abandoned buildings and mine operating areas
b. Decontamination of decommissioned waste disposal areas to an acceptable level
c. Pollution sources and disposal of contaminated materials
d. Stabilization of waste rock yard, heap leaching field and tailings pond
c. Raising funds for decommissioning.
9.4 When decommissioning mining, metallurgical and waste management facilities, the following measures are required for the purpose of personnel health, safety and environmental protection:
a. Keep facilities safe and stable
h. The amount of precipitation and release of radioactive materials and other pollutants meets the requirements of GB8703 and other relevant national regulations.
g. Must have signs or take adequate measures to prevent residents from entering the contaminated area and to prohibit tailings. Waste rock is used as a civilian.
10 monitoring, supervision and maintenance
10.1 For the plant to ensure that the requirements of this regulation and other requirements specified by the relevant authorities are met, the operating organization must complete the monitoring, supervision and maintenance of the waste management facilities in a possible manner throughout the operation and decommissioning.
10.2 The tasks of monitoring and supervision before, during and after decommissioning are:
a. Check compliance with regulations, standards and radioactive waste disposal requirements promulgated by the State and relevant authorities
b. Provide data for the evaluation of individual and collective doses caused by the facility
c. Verify the function and effect of engineering and process design and technical measures, and verify the correctness of the model used in the design,
d. Indicate whether the approved emissions should be redefined.
e. Determine if a special survey is needed
f. Accidental environmental pollution incidents and ways are discovered in time
g. Verify the physical status and integrity of the waste management facility so that it can be repaired as necessary.
h. Collect data and conduct pre-evaluation, status assessment and accident assessment as needed.
10.3 After the final disposition of decommissioning, in the time specified by the relevant competent authority, when the relevant requirements are met and the experience is accepted, the local competent authority shall be transferred for management.
11 duties
11.1 The operating organization must report the uranium, thorium mining and metallurgy radioactive waste management plan and its argumentation materials to the relevant department for review and approval.
11.2 The relevant competent authority must promptly review and approve the information submitted for the plan and verification demonstration.
11.3 The operating organization must accept the supervision and inspection of the waste management facilities by the relevant competent authorities.
Additional information:
This standard was proposed by the National Environmental Protection Agency.
This standard was drafted by the Ministry of Mines and Metallurgy of the China National Nuclear Corporation and the Nuclear Industry Standardization Institute.
The main drafters of this standard are Liu Guangfa, Bo Yingjie, and Li Renjie.
This standard is interpreted by the National Environmental Protection Agency! t; g/ G& C (K: from: Global Mineral Rights Network