Many car owners want to learn more about car knowledge in order to deepen their understanding of the cars. They just do not know how complicated the car structure is and the boring knowledge of machinery has given up. Now these are not problems! Here we have prepared a series of graphic automotive articles, combined with high-definition images to analyze the internal structure of the car, so that the complex principles become easy to understand. You can click on the link below to jump directly to the relevant section of the car you want to know about: 2 Analysis of engine structure types The engine serves as a source of power for the car, just like a human heart. However, the heart size and structure of different people are not much different, but the internal structure of the engines of different cars is very different. What are the differences in the structure of different engines? Let's find out together. â— The source of automotive power The source of power for the car is the engine, and the power of the engine comes from inside the cylinder. The engine cylinder is a place where the internal energy of the fuel is converted into kinetic energy. It can be simply understood that the fuel is burned in the cylinder and a great pressure is generated to push the piston up and down. The force is transmitted to the crankshaft through the connecting rod and finally converted into rotational motion. Through the transmission and the drive shaft, power is transmitted to the drive wheels to propel the car forward. â— The number of cylinders cannot be excessive General cars are mostly four-cylinder and six-cylinder engines. Since the engine's power is mainly derived from cylinders, is the more cylinders, the better? In fact, with the increase in the number of cylinders, engine parts are also With corresponding increase, the structure of the engine will be more complicated, which will also reduce the reliability of the engine, and it will also increase the manufacturing cost of the engine and the maintenance cost in the later period. Therefore, the number of cylinders in an automobile engine is based on a comprehensive balance of the engine's use and performance requirements. The V12 engine, W12 engine and W16 engine are only used in a few high-performance cars. â— V-type engine structure In fact, V-type engine, a simple understanding is that the adjacent cylinders combined at a certain angle, from the side looks like V-shaped, is the V-type engine. Compared with in-line engines, V-type engines have reduced height and length, which can make the engine cover lower and meet aerodynamic requirements. The V-type engine's cylinder is arranged at an angle to the opposite direction, which can offset a part of the vibration, but it is not good to use two cylinder heads and the structure is relatively complicated. Although the height of the engine is reduced, the width of the engine is increased accordingly, so that it is not easy to install other devices for a fixed-space engine compartment. â— W-type engine structure The W-type engine is a small angle misalignment of the cylinders on both sides of the V-type engine. The advantage of the W-type engine over the V-type engine is that the crankshaft can be shorter and the weight can be lighter, but the width is also increased, and the engine compartment can be filled even more. The disadvantage is that the W-type engine is structurally divided into two parts, the structure is more complex, and there is a great deal of vibration during operation, so it is only applied in a few cars. â— Horizontally opposed engine structure The adjacent cylinders of the horizontally opposed engine are arranged opposite to each other (the bottom of the piston is outward), and the angle between the two cylinders is 180°, but it is still fundamentally different from the 180°V engine. A horizontally opposed engine is similar to an inline engine in that it does not share a crank pin (that is, a piston has only one crank pin), and the direction of movement of the opposing piston is reversed, but the 180° V engine is just the opposite. The advantage of the horizontally opposed engine is that it can well cancel out the vibration and make the engine run more smoothly; the center of gravity is low; the front can be designed lower to meet the requirements of aerodynamics; the direction of the power output shaft is consistent with the direction of the drive shaft, and the power transmission High efficiency. Disadvantages: complex structure, inconvenient maintenance; demanding production processes, high production costs, in the well-known brand of cars only Porsche and Subaru still insist on the use of horizontal opposed engine. â— Why the engine is continuously powered by energy sources The reason why the engine is continuously powered by energy sources is thanks to the orderly circulation of the four strokes of intake, compression, power, and exhaust in the cylinder. During the intake stroke, when the piston moves from top dead center to bottom dead center in the cylinder, the intake valve opens and the exhaust valve closes. Fresh air and gasoline are drawn into the cylinder. During the compression stroke, the intake and exhaust valves are closed, the piston moves from bottom dead center to top dead center, and the gas mixture is compressed to the top of the cylinder to increase the temperature of the gas mixture in preparation for the power stroke. During the power stroke, the spark plug ignites the compressed gas, and the mixed gas explosion in the cylinder generates a great pressure, pushing the piston from top dead center to bottom dead center and pushing the crankshaft through the connecting rod. During the exhaust stroke, the piston moves from bottom dead center to top dead center. At this time, the intake valve closes and the exhaust valve opens, exhausting the exhaust gas outside the cylinder through the exhaust manifold. â— Engine power originates from explosion The fact that the engine can generate power is actually due to the explosive force in the cylinder. In the sealed cylinder combustion chamber, the spark plug instantly ignites a certain proportion of gas mixture of gasoline and air at a suitable moment and generates a huge explosive force. The combustion chamber is fixed at the top, and the huge pressure forces the piston to move downwards. By pushing the crankshaft through the connecting rod, the power is transmitted to the driving wheel through a series of mechanisms, finally driving the car. â— Spark plug is a detonation expert If the explosive power inside the cylinder is greater, timely ignition is very important, and the spark plug in the cylinder is to play the role of detonation. In fact, the principle of spark plug ignition is somewhat similar to that of lightning. The spark plug has a center electrode and a side electrode on the head (in two clouds with opposite polarity ions). There is a small gap between the two electrodes (called the ignition gap). It can generate up to more than 10,000 volts of electric spark when energized, and can instantly detonate the gas mixture in the cylinder. â— The intake valve is larger than the exhaust valve In order to continue the explosion in the cylinder, new fuel must be continuously input and exhausted in a timely manner. The intake and exhaust valves play an important role in this process. The intake and exhaust valves are controlled by the cam and perform the two actions of opening and closing the door at a proper time. Why do you see the intake valve larger than the exhaust valve? Since the intake air is generally sucked in by vacuum and the exhaust gas is pushed out to push out the exhaust gas, the exhaust gas is relatively easier than the intake air. In order to obtain more fresh air to participate in the combustion, the intake valve needs to be enlarged to obtain more intake air. â— The number of valves should not be excessive If the engine has multiple valves, the intake air volume and exhaust gas are clean at high rpm, and the engine performance is also relatively good. (Similar to a movie theater, if there are many entrances, it is much easier to enter and exit.) However, the multi-valve design is relatively complex, especially the valve drive method, combustion chamber structure and spark plug position need to be precisely arranged, so that the production process requires high, the manufacturing cost is naturally high, and the later maintenance is also difficult. Therefore, the number of valves should not be too high. The common engine has 4 valves per cylinder (2 inputs and 2 outputs). 3 engine variable valve principle The basic structure and power source of the engine have been previously understood. In fact, the actual operating speed of the engine is not fixed, but like people running, sometimes rapid, sometimes flat, then adjust their breathing rhythm is particularly important, let's take a look at how the engine is breathing. â— The role of the camshaft In brief, the camshaft is a metal rod with multiple disc-shaped cams. What role does this metal rod play in engine operation? It is mainly responsible for the opening and closing of intake and exhaust valves. The camshaft rotates continuously under the crankshaft, and the cam continuously presses the valve (rocker arm or top rod) underground, thereby realizing the function of controlling the opening and closing of the intake valve and the exhaust valve. â— What does OHV, OHC, SOHC, DOHC mean? The letters SOHC and DOHC are often seen on the engine casing. What do these letters mean? OHV refers to the overhead valve camshaft, that is, the camshaft is arranged at the bottom of the cylinder, and the valve is arranged at the top of the cylinder. OHC refers to the overhead camshaft, that is, the camshaft is arranged on the top of the cylinder. If only one camshaft at the top of the cylinder is responsible for opening and closing the intake and exhaust valves at the same time, it is called a single overhead camshaft (SOHC). If there are two camshafts on the top of the cylinder that are responsible for the opening and closing of the intake and exhaust valves, they are called double overhead camshafts (DOHC). A metal connecting rod is used to connect the cam of the bottom camshaft and the valve rocker arm, and the cam lifts the connecting rod to push the rocker arm to realize the opening and closing of the valve. However, the excessively high rotation speed easily causes the top rod to break. Therefore, this type of design is often applied to engines with large displacement, low rotation speed, and high torque output. The camshaft can be omitted from the top of the cam to simplify the transmission mechanism of the camshaft to the valve, more suitable for high-speed engine performance, overhead camshaft applications are more extensive. â— Role of gas distribution mechanism The gas distribution mechanism mainly includes the timing gear train, the camshaft, and the valve transmission assembly (valve, push rod, rocker, etc.). The main function is to timely open and close the intake and exhaust valves of each cylinder according to the working conditions of the engine. In order to make the fresh gas mixture fill the cylinder in time, the exhaust gas can be expelled out of the cylinder in time. â— What is valve timing? Why do you need timing? The so-called valve timing can be simply understood as the time when the valve opens and closes. Theoretically, during the intake stroke, when the piston moves from top dead center to bottom dead center, the intake valve opens and the exhaust valve closes. In the exhaust stroke, when the piston moves from bottom dead center to top dead center, the intake valve Closed, exhaust valve open. Why is it time? In fact, in the actual engine work, in order to increase the intake air volume in the cylinder, the intake valve needs to be opened early and delayed. Similarly, in order to make the exhaust gas in the cylinder cleaner, the exhaust valve also needs to be opened in advance. Delay off, so as to ensure the effective operation of the engine. â— What is the variable valve timing and variable valve lift? At high engine speeds, each cylinder in a working cycle, the intake and exhaust time is very short, in order to achieve a high efficiency, you must extend the cylinder's suction and exhaust time, which is required Increase the valve overlap angle; and the engine at low speed, excessive valve overlap angle is easy to make the exhaust gas backflow, suction will instead fall, resulting in engine idle speed instability, low-speed torque is low. Fixed valve timing is difficult to meet the needs of both high engine speed and low engine speed conditions, so variable valve timing came into being. The variable valve timing can be adjusted according to the engine speed and operating conditions, so that the engine can achieve the ideal intake and exhaust efficiency at high and low speeds. The actual power that affects the engine is actually related to the amount of oxygen that enters the cylinder within a unit of time. However, the variable valve timing system can only change the opening and closing time of the valve, but it cannot change the intake air volume per unit time. Lift can meet this demand. If the valve of the engine is regarded as a door of the house, the valve timing can be understood as the time when the door is opened, and the valve lift is equivalent to the size of the door opening. â— Toyota VVT-i variable valve timing system Toyota's variable valve timing system has been widely used, the main principle is to install a hydraulic mechanism on the camshaft, through the control of the ECU, to adjust the opening and closing time of the valve within a certain range of angles, or Advance, or delay, or stay the same. The outer rotor of the timing gear of the camshaft is connected with the timing chain (belt), and the inner rotor is connected with the camshaft. The outer rotor can indirectly drive the inner rotor with hydraulic oil, thus achieving a certain range of angle advance or delay. â— Honda i-VTEC variable valve lift system The structure and working principle of Honda's i-VTEC variable valve lift system are not complicated. It can be seen as the addition of a third rocker arm and a third camshaft. How does it realize the change of valve lift? It can be simply understood that the separation of the three rocker arms is combined with the integration to achieve the switching of the camshaft at high and low angles, thereby changing the lift of the valve. When the engine is at a low load, the three rocker arms are in a separated state. The rocker arms on both sides of the low-angle cam control the valve opening and closing, and the valve lift is small. When the engine is under a high load, the three rocker arms are combined into one body. The angle cam drives the middle rocker and the valve lift is large. â— BMW Valvetronic variable valve lift system BMW Valvetronic's variable valve lift system mainly changes the valve lift by adding eccentric shafts, servo motors and intermediate push rods to its valve train. When the motor is working, the worm gear mechanism will drive the eccentric shaft to rotate, and then push the valve through the middle push rod and rocker arm. The angle of rotation of the eccentric wheel is different, and the lift generated by the camshaft to push the valve through the middle push rod and the rocker arm is also different, thereby realizing the control of the valve lift. â— Audi AVS variable valve lift system Audi's AVS variable valve lift system mainly changes the lift of the valve by switching two sets of cams with different heights on the camshaft. The principle is very similar to that of Honda's i-VTEC, except that the AVS system is mounted on the camshaft. On the spiral groove sleeve, to achieve the left and right movement of the camshaft, and then switch the camshaft high and low cams. When the engine is under high load, the electromagnetic actuator moves the cam shaft to the right and switches to the high-angle cam to increase the lift of the valve. When the engine is under low load, the electromagnetic driver moves the cam shaft to the left to switch to the low-angle cam. To reduce valve lift. 4 engine cylinder direct injection principle analysis With increasingly stringent requirements for energy and environmental protection, the engine must also be continuously upgraded to meet people's needs. Such as the current direct injection of cylinders, stratified combustion, variable displacement and other terms are not unknown to everyone, in the end what is the working principle of what? Let's learn about it together below. â— Are the piston and crankshaft the most tired? When the engine is in operation, the piston's head must be exposed to high temperature and high pressure, and it will continue to move up and down at high speed. The working environment is very harsh. It can be said that the piston is the heart of the engine, so the material quality of the piston has high requirements. The crankshaft, which is stepped on the foot by the piston, is also uncomfortable. It is necessary to do high-speed rotational motion. The crankshaft rotates thousands of times per minute and shoulders the arduous task of driving oil pumps, generators, air-conditioning compressors, camshafts and other mechanisms. It is the relay shaft for engine power, so it is also strong. â— How does linear motion change rotational motion? We all know that the piston in the cylinder is doing linear motions up and down, but how does one convert the linear motion into rotational motion by outputting the rotational force that drives the forward motion of the wheel? In fact, this has a lot to do with the structure of the crankshaft. The connecting rod shaft and the main shaft of the crankshaft are not on the same straight line, but are arranged oppositely. This movement principle is very similar to our stepping on a bicycle. Our two feet are equivalent to two adjacent pistons. The foot pedal is equivalent to the connecting rod shaft, and the middle large flywheel is the main shaft of the crankshaft. When our left foot is forced down (the piston does work or inhales downwards), the right foot will be lifted (the other piston compresses or exhausts to make an upward movement). In this way, there is a linear motion that turns into a rotary motion. â— Why is the engine flywheel so big? We all know that only one of the four strokes of the Pistons is doing work. The three strokes of intake, compression, and exhaust all require a certain amount of strength to support the smooth progress. The flywheel has helped a lot in this process. The reason why the flywheel is relatively large is mainly to store the kinetic energy of the engine so as to ensure the smooth operation of the crankshaft. In fact, this principle is similar to our childhood toy. After we rotate it hard, it can keep turning for a long time. â— Engine displacement and compression ratio The volume of space through which the piston moves from top dead center to bottom dead center is called the cylinder displacement; the sum of all cylinder displacements of the engine is called engine displacement and is usually expressed in liters (L). As we usually see the car's displacement, 1.6L, 2.0L, 2.4L and so on. In fact, the volume of the cylinder is a cylinder, it is unlikely that it is exactly the whole number of liters, such as 1998mL, 2397mL and other figures, can be approximately labeled as 2.0L, 2.4L. The compression ratio, that is, the degree to which the engine mixture gas is compressed, and the ratio of the total cylinder volume to the compressed cylinder volume (ie, combustion chamber volume). Why do you want to compress the gas mixture of the cylinder? This allows the gas mixture to be burned more easily and quickly, thereby improving engine performance and efficiency. â— What is variable displacement? How to change the displacement? Usually in order to obtain large power, the displacement of the engine needs to be increased. For example, the 8-cylinder and 12-cylinder engines are very powerful. But the price paid is increased fuel consumption. Especially when idle conditions do not require large power output, fuel is wasted, and variable displacement can resolve contradictions. Variable displacement, as the name implies, means that the displacement of the engine is not fixed (that is, the number of cylinders participating in the work is changed), but it can be changed according to the working conditions. How does the engine achieve the change of displacement? Simply put, it is to open or close a cylinder by controlling the intake valve and the oil line. For example, a six-cylinder variable-displacement engine can achieve three-cylinder, four-cylinder, and six-cylinder operating modes based on actual operating conditions to reduce fuel consumption and improve fuel economy. If the Volkswagen TSI EA211 engine uses a variable displacement (cylinder closing) technology, the valve is mainly closed and opened by an electromagnetic controller and a spiral grooved sleeve mounted on the camshaft. â— What is in-cylinder direct injection? What are the advantages? We know that the traditional engine is to inject fuel in the intake manifold and then form a mixed gas with air before it enters the cylinder. In this process, because there is a certain distance in the combustion chamber of the nozzle, tiny oil particles will be adsorbed on the pipe wall, and the mixture of gasoline and air is greatly affected by the intake air flow and valve closing. In-cylinder direct injection directly injects fuel into the cylinder and directly mixes with air in the cylinder. The ECU can precisely control the fuel and injection quantity and injection time according to the amount of air taken in. The high-pressure fuel injection system can make the oil and gas atomization and mixing efficiency more excellent, and make the mixture gas that meets the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio burn more fully, thereby reducing Fuel consumption improves the engine's power performance. This set of technology derived from diesel engines has been widely used in the inclusion of Volkswagen (including Audi), BMW, Mercedes-Benz, General Motors and other vehicles. The Ford 2.0L EcoBoost GTDi engine uses direct injection technology, which can be found at the following link: â— What is homogeneous combustion? Stratified combustion? The so-called homogeneous combustion can be understood as an ordinary combustion method, that is, the fuel and air are mixed to form a certain concentration of combustible gas mixture. The air-fuel ratio of the mixture gas in the entire combustion chamber is the same, and is ignited and burned by the spark plug. Since the mixture is formed for a long time, the fuel and the air can be fully mixed and the combustion is more uniform, thereby obtaining a larger output power. In stratified combustion, the air-fuel ratio of the mixture in the entire combustion chamber is different, and the concentration of the mixture in the vicinity of the spark plug is higher than in other places, so that the mixture around the spark plug can be rapidly burned, thereby stimulating more distant distances. The combustion of a dilute mixed gas is called stratified combustion. The purpose of homogeneous combustion is to obtain high power at high speed and acceleration; stratified combustion is to save fuel at low speed and low load. â— How to achieve stratified combustion? How does a TSI engine achieve stratified combustion? First, when the engine moves to the bottom dead center at the intake stroke piston, the ECU controls the fuel injector to perform a small amount of fuel injection to form a lean mixture in the cylinder. At the end of the compression stroke of the piston, a second injection is performed so that a relatively high concentration of the mixture is formed in the vicinity of the spark plug (using a special structure of the piston top), and this part of the richer mixture is used to ignite the inside of the cylinder. The lean mixture allows the lean combustion in the cylinder to achieve the same combustion effect with less fuel, further reducing the engine's fuel consumption. 5 engine turbocharging principle analysis When driving, I believe everyone has experience, feel the engine with T is awesome, the power is very strong. Why Turbocharged Engine Power? How is it pressurized? Here we come to understand how the engine booster works. â— The role of throttle There are two major components in the engine's air intake system. One is the air filter, which is responsible for filtering the impurities in the air. The second is the air intake duct, which mainly introduces air into the cylinder. In the intake pipe there is a very important part, that is, the throttle. The main role of the throttle is to control the amount of gas mixture entering the cylinder. How does it control the air intake? The depth of the throttle pedal when we drive is actually the size of the throttle opening. The deeper the accelerator pedal is depressed, the larger the throttle opening, and the greater the mixture intake, the higher the engine speed. The traditional cable pull throttle is connected to the throttle through one end of the wire and the accelerator pedal. Its transmission ratio is 1:1. This way, the control accuracy is not ideal. The current electronic throttle (electronic throttle) uses a position sensor to transmit data such as the strength and amplitude of the stepped accelerator pedal motion to the control unit for analysis. Then the intention of the driver to step on the accelerator is summed up, and the actual section is calculated by the ECU. The opening and closing of the valve and the command to control the throttle valve motor work to achieve precise control of the throttle. â— The intake manifold length is variable? We usually see that the length of the intake manifold of the engine seems to be fixed, and its length can also be changed? Actually, a control valve is installed in the intake manifold. By opening and closing it, the intake manifold can be divided into two sections to change its effective length. What is the effect of changing the length of the intake manifold? Mainly to improve the engine's intake efficiency at different speeds, thereby enhancing the engine's power performance at various speeds. When the engine runs at low speed, the black control valve closes and the air flow is forced into the cylinder from the long manifold, which can increase the air velocity and pressure of the intake air, allowing a better mixture of gasoline and air, and a more complete combustion (this is a bit like the flow of water is not After the squeezing of the water pipe, the speed of the water flow will become acute. When the engine speed increases, the control valve is opened and the air flow bypasses the lower end of the pipe and directly enters the cylinder. At this time, more air can be drawn in more quickly, and the intake air volume of the engine high speed is increased. â— Why is the exhaust manifold bizarre? The exhaust system of an automobile mainly includes an exhaust manifold, a three-way catalytic converter, a muffler, and an exhaust pipe. The main role is to exhaust the combustion gases in the cylinder to the atmosphere. Why do we see exhaust pipes that are mostly weird in shape? This design is mainly to maximize the avoidance of mutual interference of the exhaust gas emitted by each cylinder or the phenomenon of exhaust gas recirculation, which affects the dynamic performance of the engine. Although the design of the exhaust pipe is bizarre, certain principles are followed to prevent turbulence. For example, the exhaust manifolds of each cylinder are as independent as possible and their lengths are as equal as possible; the exhaust manifold is as long as possible. â— How is turbo charging supercharged? Turbo is not unfamiliar to everyone, usually in the rear of the car can see such as 1.4T, 2.0T and other words, which shows that the car's engine is turbocharged. Turbocharger is abbreviated as Turbo or T. Turbocharging uses the exhaust gas of the engine to drive the turbine to compress the intake air, thereby increasing the power and torque of the engine and making the car more powerful. The turbocharger is mainly composed of two parts, a turbine and a compressor, which are connected by a transmission shaft. The inlet of the turbine is connected to the exhaust manifold of the engine, the outlet of the turbine is connected to the exhaust pipe, the inlet of the compressor is connected to the inlet pipe, and the outlet of the compressor is connected to the inlet manifold. In the end is how to achieve boost? The exhaust gas emitted by the engine is mainly used to impact the high-speed operation of the turbine, thereby driving the high-speed rotation of the coaxial compressor and forcibly pushing the pressurized air into the cylinder. Turbocharging mainly utilizes the energy of the engine exhaust gas to drive the compressor to achieve the supercharging of the intake air. The engine does not consume the engine power during the entire process, and has good acceleration and sustainability, but the turbine cannot be timely interposed at low speeds. There is a certain lag. (Turbo operation principle) â— What is mechanical supercharging? The principle of Supercharger is different from turbocharging. Supercharging mainly compresses air by driving the rotation of a mechanical air compressor through the power of the crankshaft. Different from turbocharging, the mechanical output will cause a certain degree of loss in the engine output power. Since the supercharger is directly driven by the crankshaft, the supercharger starts to work when the engine is running. Therefore, at low speeds, the engine's torque output is also very good performance, and the air compression is linearly increased according to the engine speed, there is no turbocharged engine intervention at that moment, there is no low-speed hysteresis turbocharged engine. However, when the engine is running at a high speed, the loss of the engine power to the supercharger is also large, and the power boost is not obvious. (Supercharger working principle) â— How does a double booster engine work? Double booster engine, as the name implies, refers to an engine equipped with two turbochargers. If two turbochargers are used on one engine, it is called a twin turbocharged engine. For example, the BMW 3.0L inline six-cylinder engine uses two turbochargers. For turbo turbocharged turbo hysteresis, two identical turbines are connected in parallel to the exhaust pipe (one turbocharger per three cylinders). When the engine is running at low speed, less exhaust gas can be driven. The turbine rotates at high speed to generate enough intake pressure to reduce the turbo lag effect. (BMW BMW M5 F10 Twin Turbo Engine) As we learned earlier, the turbocharger has hysteresis at low speeds, but at high speeds the boost value is large, the engine power is increased significantly, and the engine power is basically not consumed; and the supercharger is the engine that drives the turbine directly. There is no turbo hysteresis, but there is a loss of power and a low boost value. Isn't it possible to combine the advantages of each other? Double booster engine schematic (turbocharger + supercharger) With the 1.4-litre TSI engine on the Volkswagen Golf GT, designers combined turbochargers and superchargers. The supercharger is mounted on the engine's air intake system. The turbocharger is mounted on the exhaust system to ensure that the engine has good supercharging effect at low, medium and high speeds. (Volkswagen 1.4 TSI double booster engine) 6 Analysis of Engine Lubrication/Cooling System In our daily car maintenance, regularly changing the oil filter and checking the tank water is an indispensable item, which has an important influence on the performance of the engine. Oil and water tanks are important carriers for engine lubrication and cooling systems. How do they lubricate and cool the engine? Let's learn about it together below. â— How to lubricate the engine? There are many internal friction parts in the engine, such as the main shaft of the crankshaft and the main bearing, the cam journal and the cam bearing, the piston, the piston ring and the cylinder wall surface, etc. These components have fast movement speed and bad working environment. They need to have Proper lubrication can reduce wear and extend the life of the engine. As the engine's blood, engine oil has functions such as lubrication, cooling, cleaning, sealing, and rust prevention. It is important for engine oil to change regularly. The oil is mainly stored in the oil pan. When the engine is running, the oil pump is used to pump the oil to various parts of the engine using the pressure of the pump. The lubricated engine oil will be returned to the oil pan along the cylinder wall, etc., and used repeatedly. Oils that are repeatedly relubricated will have worn out metal dust or dust and other contaminants. If they are not clean, they will accelerate wear between parts. Therefore, an oil filter must be installed on the oil passage for filtration. But for too long, the oil will become dirty, so the oil filter must be replaced after the vehicle has traveled a certain distance. â— How is the engine cooled? In addition to having a lubrication system to reduce the friction between parts, the engine must also have a cooling system to timely dissipate part of the heat of the heated parts to ensure that the engine works at the optimum temperature. There are two modes of engine cooling: water cooling and air cooling. Now the general car engines are water-cooled. The engine water-cooled cooling system is mainly composed of water pump, radiator, cooling fan, compensation tank, thermostat, engine body, cylinder cover water jacket and other parts. How does that cool down? Mainly through the pump so that the coolant around the water jacket in the cylinder to accelerate the flow, through the driving of natural wind and electric fan, so that the cooling liquid in the radiator to cool, the cooling liquid is re-introduced into the water jacket, again and again, Cooling the engine. Actually, in addition to cooling the engine, the cooling system also has the effect of heat preservation, because overcooling or overheating will affect the normal operation of the engine. This process is mainly through the thermostat to achieve the engine cooling system, the size of the cycle of switching. What is the size cycle of the cooling system? It can be easily understood that the small circulating coolant does not pass through the radiator, while the large circulating coolant passes through the radiator. â— The difference between diesel engine and gasoline engine Diesel engines and gasoline engines are the two most common powerplants in automobiles. Because of the difference in fuel, diesel engines and gasoline engines work differently. Mainly in the following aspects, the first injection method is not the same, the general gasoline engine (except for the direct injection engine) is the gasoline and fuel mixed into the cylinder, and the diesel engine is directly injected into the cylinder has been filled with compressed air. Second, the ignition method is different. Gasoline engines need spark plugs to ignite the mixture while diesel engines are compressed autoignition. Finally, with different compression ratios, the compression ratio of a diesel engine is generally larger than that of a gasoline engine, so its expansion ratio and thermal efficiency are relatively high, and its fuel consumption is lower than that of a gasoline engine. â— How does a rotary engine work? The rotary engine is also called a triangular piston rotary engine. Unlike our common reciprocating engine, it is an internal combustion engine that makes a rotary motion in a cylinder through a triangular piston. The piston of the rotary engine is a flat triangular shape, the cylinder is a flat box, and the piston is eccentrically mounted in the cavity. The expansion force generated by the combustion of gasoline acts on the side of the rotor, thereby pushing one of the three faces of the triangular rotor toward the center of the eccentric shaft. Under the action of the centripetal force and the tangential force, the piston makes planetary rotation in the cylinder. In this process, the volume of the studio changes periodically with the rotation of the piston, thereby completing the four strokes of intake, compression, work, and exhaust. Each time the piston rotates, it does work once. It does only one work per two revolutions of a normal four-stroke engine. It has advantages such as high horsepower volume. â— What is a hybrid car? Today's hybrid cars are generally fuel-electric hybrids, which use a combination of a fuel engine and an electric motor to power the car. The device on the hybrid vehicle can recover energy when the vehicle decelerates, brakes, and descends, and provides power for the automobile through the electric motor. Therefore, its fuel consumption is relatively low, but the automobile price is relatively high. According to the size of the motor, it can be divided into two types: strong hybrid and light hybrid. Strong hybrid vehicles mainly use high-power motors to minimize the engine's displacement. At the time of starting or low speed, it is possible to rely solely on electric power, such as when the vehicle is under heavy load, acceleration, etc., the engine will be involved in the work. The main driving force of a light hybrid vehicle is a fuel-powered engine, and the electric motor serves only as an auxiliary function and cannot drive the car alone. However, energy recovery can be performed when the vehicle is decelerating or braking, so that the maximum efficiency of the hybrid power can be achieved. 7 manual transmission structure analysis Knowing the working principle of the engine in front, we all know that the engine speed is very high. It is not realistic to apply power directly to the wheels to drive the car. In order to meet the needs of driving, climbing, high-speed driving and other driving, transmission came into being. This article will analyze the structure and working principle of automotive transmissions for everyone. â— Why is the transmission necessary? As a vehicle, a car will inevitably have driving needs such as starting, uphill, and high speed driving. The torque required to drive the car during this period is different, and the engine alone cannot handle it. Because the torque output range of the direct engine output is relatively small, but the car needs a large torque when it starts and goes uphill. When it is running at high speed, it needs only a small torque, such as directly driving the engine's power to drive the car. It is difficult to achieve the start of the car, uphill or high-speed driving. 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åŠ¨ç³»çš„å¸ƒç½®å½¢å¼ä¸Žå‘动机的ä½ç½®åŠé©±åŠ¨å½¢å¼æœ‰å…³ï¼Œä¸€èˆ¬å¯åˆ†ä¸ºå‰ç½®å‰é©±ã€å‰ç½®åŽé©±ã€åŽç½®åŽé©±ã€ä¸ç½®åŽé©±å››ç§å½¢å¼ã€‚ Ion exchange resin is a crucial component used in glass fiber reinforced plastic pressure tanks to effectively remove both anions and cations present in water, ultimately softening the water. Ion Exchange Resin,Water Softener Resin,water deionization resin,mix bed resin,Resin Hebei Chengda Water Technology Co.,Ltd. , https://www.arclionchengda.com
The ion exchange resin works through a process known as ion exchange, where it replaces undesired ions in the water with more desirable ones. This resin is typically made up of small, porous beads that contain charged functional groups.
When water passes through the pressure tank containing the ion exchange resin, the resin beads attract and retain the unwanted anions and cations present in the water. These unwanted ions, such as calcium, magnesium, iron, and sulfates, are exchanged with more desirable ions like sodium or potassium.
The exchange process occurs as the water flows through the resin bed, allowing the resin beads to selectively trap the unwanted ions and release the desired ions. This effectively removes the minerals responsible for water hardness and replaces them with softer ions, resulting in softened water.
Softened water offers various benefits, including preventing scale buildup in pipes and appliances, improving the efficiency of water heaters, reducing soap scum and residue on surfaces, and providing better lathering and cleaning capabilities.